Reasons to Stop Calling Low- Carb a . It Has Been Around For at Least One and a Half Century“Fads” come and go. Atkins’s First Book Was Published in 1. Way Before The Low- Fat Guidelines Came Out. For decades, we’ve been told to eat a “balanced” low- fat diet. This diet is low in saturated fat, but high in carbohydrates. Although it was originally based on weak evidence, it became public policy in the year 1. Americans (4). A similar diet is now recommended all over the world and the recommendations have barely changed since then. Even though promoters of the low- fat diet like to dismiss low- carb as a “fad,” the first Atkins book was actually published in the year 1. Robert Atkins, arguably the most famous diet book author in history, had lost weight himself using the diet and had been using it on his patients for many years before writing the book. He originally learned about the diet in a scientific paper written by a physician named Alfred Pennington, published in the Journal of The American Medical Association back in 1. It is rapidly falling out of favour, based on high quality, long- term studies showing that it clearly does not work (6, 7, 8, 9, 1. Bottom Line: The first Atkins book was published in 1. Dr. Atkins read about low- carb diets back in 1. This happened way before the first official low- fat guidelines were published. Entire Populations Have Thrived on Such a Diet, in Excellent Health. There are several examples of populations that have eaten very little carbs, but remained in good health. Two of the most notable ones are the Inuit and the Masai.
The Inuit lived in the arctic regions of North America and Greenland, where very little plant food was available year- round. They ate almost nothing but animal foods, but were in excellent health (1. The Masai in Africa also ate a low- carb, high- fat diet, mostly from meat, milk and cow’s blood. When they were studied, researchers noted that they were in excellent health as long as they ate their traditional diet (1. Bottom Line: There are several examples of entire populations living on a low- carb, high- fat diet in excellent health for many generations. Two notable examples are the Inuit and the Masai. More Than 2. 0 Randomized Controlled Trials Have Been Published. A lot of people claim that low- carb diets haven’t been shown to be safe and effective. But since the year 2. Not a single serious adverse effect has ever been attributed to the diet. Not only that. It also significantly improves HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, blood sugar, insulin levels and blood pressure (1. This diet also changes the size of LDL particles from small, dense to Large. LDL and Total cholesterol levels do not increase, on average, although some individuals may see increases (1. Diabetic Diet Plan Low Carb List; Weight Loss Diets Lose 60 Pounds; Diet Journal; Meal Plan Template. High Protein Diets and Weight Loss. Nutrition and weight loss; Shoes and gear. Do Low-Carb Diets Improve Endurance Performance? We hope to balance those out with well-designed low-carb experiments in different athletes.' Tags: Paleo Diet. Can You Really 4 week meal plan for weight loss? Better choose kinds of diets and. Diet For Athletes To Lose Weight weight loss meals. Online to the very low price of just $47! Diet For 53 Yo Male Quick Weight Loss Diets Actually Work Best Price. The Atkins diet is a kind of low. All four diets resulted in modest weight loss and improvement. Atkins (2004) Atkins for Life: The Complete Controlled Carb Program for Permanent Weight Loss and. The truth is, few things in nutrition have been demonstrated as thoroughly as the superiority of low- carb diets. Bottom Line: Over 2. They lead to more weight loss and greater improvements in health markers than the low- fat diet. People Are Able to Stick to it Better Than The Low- Fat Diet. Some people claim that low- carb diets are unsustainable. The reason, they say, is that cutting out food groups will lead to feelings of deprivation. However. Restricting calories is just as likely to lead to feelings of deprivation as restricting food groups. That being said, most of the controlled trials comparing low- carb and low- fat diets did report the number of people who made it all the way to the end of the study. These studies clearly showed that there is no huge difference between groups. If anything, more people in the low- carb groups manage to finish. One plausible explanation for this is that low- carb diets significantly reduce appetite and lead to automatic calorie restriction (2. This is the reason the low- carb groups are usually allowed to eat until fullness in these studies, while the low- fat groups are calorie restricted and hungry. Bottom Line: Low- carb diets tend to reduce the appetite, so people can often eat until fullness and still lose weight. This may be the reason that they appear to be even easier to stick to than low- fat diets. Many Health Professionals Use Them in Their Practice. Many health professionals use low- carb diets on their patients. This is not surprising, given the immense amount of evidence that has accumulated in recent years. I’ve previously written about 1. Since writing these articles, I have found numerous others.
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BRAT Diet Index by Medicine. Net. com. Featured: BRAT Diet Main Article. The BRAT diet is a diet that health care practitioners recommend for individuals who have an upset stomach, nausea, vomiting, or gastroenteritis. They other type of BRAT diets are the BRATY diet, and the BRAT diet. Some experts report the BRAT diet may not be the best option for children. Related Diseases & Conditions. Stomach Flu (Gastroenteritis ) Article. Stomach flu (gastroenteritis) definition and facts. What is the stomach flu (gastroenteritis)? Are the stomach flu (gastroenteritis) and food poisoning the same condition? Are the stomach flu (gastroenteritis) and the flu (influenza) the same infection? What are the signs and symptoms of stomach flu (gastroenteritis)? What are the signs and symptoms of stomach flu (gastroenteritis) in children? How is the stomach flu (gastroenteritis) spread? Who gets the stomach flu (gastroenteritis)? How long does the stomach flu (gastroenteritis) last? Is stomach flu (gastroenteritis) contagious? What causes stomach flu (gastroenteritis)? What are the most common causes of the stomach flu (gastroenteritis)? How do I know I have the stomach flu (gastroenteritis)? What natural and home remedies help soothe stomach flu (gastroenteritis). What should foods are recommended to eat (diet ) when you have the stomach flu (gastroenteritis)? What is the treatment for the stomach flu (gastroenteritis)? Which specialties of doctors treat the stomach flu (gastroenteritis)? When should I call my doctor for stomach flu (gastroenteritis)? What are complications of stomach flu (gastroenteritis)? Can you prevent from getting the stomach flu (gastroenteritis)? What is the prognosis for a person who gets the stomach flu (gastroenteritis)? Intestinal Gas (Belching, Bloating, Flatulence) Article.
Intestinal gas facts. What causes belching or burping? What causes bloating? What causes flatulence (gas)? The basic BRAT diet (bananas, rice, applesauce, and toast) is a good place to start. Here is a quick guide as to what to eat as part of the BRAT diet.Saxenda also is prescribed for use in long term weight management in adults with. What are the causes of intermittent abdominal bloating/distention? Which specialties of doctors treat excessive gas, belching, bloating, and flatulence? How are the causes of belching, bloating/distention, and flatulence evaluated? What is the treatment for excessive intestinal gas caused by medical. What natural or home remedies help soothe and get rid of intestinal gas? What over- the- counter (OTC) products are available to soothe and cure excessive gas? What foods cause intestinal gas? What's new in intestinal gas? Diarrhea Article. Diarrhea facts. What is diarrhea? What is the definition of diarrhea? What symptoms are associated with diarrhea? What are common causes of acute diarrhea? Traveler's diarrhea. Viral gastroenteritis. Bacterial enterocolitis. Food poisoning. Parasites. Drugs. What are common causes of chronic diarrhea? What kind of a doctor treats diarrhea? When should the doctor be called for diarrhea? How is the cause of diarrhea diagnosed? What home remedies help the symptoms of diarrhea? What medications are used to treat diarrhea? When should antibiotics be used for diarrhea? What are the complications of diarrhea? How can dehydration be prevented and treated? What about treatment of diarrhea in infants and young children? What about treating diarrhea in older children and adults? Food Poisoning Article. Food poisoning facts. What is food poisoning? What are the signs and symptoms of food poisoning? Are food poisoning and stomach flu the same thing? How long does food poisoning last? What are the types of food poisoning? What are the causes of food poisoning? Short incubation of less than 1. Intermediate incubation from about 1 to 3 days. Long incubation of 3 to 5 days. Very long incubation. When should the doctor be called for food poisoning? How is food poisoning diagnosed? What is the treatment for food poisoning? Are there any home remedies for food. How can food poisoning be prevented? What are the complications of food poisoning? What is the prognosis for someone with food poisoning? Dehydration Article. Dehydration facts. What is dehydration? What causes dehydration? Dehydration pictures. What are the signs and symptoms of dehydration? What about dehydration in children? How is dehydration diagnosed? How is dehydration treated? Can I treat dehydration at home? What are the complications of dehydration? Can dehydration be prevented? How to Treat Diarrhea (BRAT Diet Method): 1. Steps (with Pictures)Expert Reviewed. Two Methods: Using the BRAT Method. Avoiding Dehydration. Community Q& ADiarrhea is a common occurrence all over the world and it accounts for 4. United States and around 3. It also results in 1. The causes of diarrhea are infectious agents such as viruses, bacteria, parasites, and non- infectious causes such as adverse consequences of medications. Many of the infectious causes are common viruses, rotavirus, and norwalk virus. Diarrhea can be a condition of loose stools or frequent stools, but most Clinicians interpret diarrhea to be loose stools. HASfit's FREE 30 Day Teenage Weight Loss Program. Weight Loss For Teens in Only 30 Days. The best teenage workouts plan. Running for Weight Loss: 8- Week Training Plan! What’s the best way to run for weight loss? Answering this question is trickier than you might think. The number of calories you burn through running is determined by how many miles you run. So it would stand to reason that the most effective way to slim down through running is to run a lot. However, when you run a lot your body also wants to eat a lot in order to avoid chronic fatigue or injury. Research has proven the most effective tool for shedding pounds is calorie restriction— that is, eating less. When you’re trying to lose weight you should aim to consume 3. If you do this, you will lose weight steadily at a moderate rate—but you will also lack the energy to maintain a heavy running schedule. The solution is to combine your calorie deficit with a training program designed to keep your metabolic fire burning. Such a program includes three different kinds of workouts. If you’re going by feel, this translates to a five out of 1. The longer these runs last, the higher the rate of fat burning climbs, so push the duration instead of the pace in these workouts. Avoid taking sports drinks or energy gels during fat- burning runs because their carbohydrate content reduces the muscles’ reliance on body fat for fuel. Related Article: Best Abs Ever in 8 Exercises#2 Sprint Intervals. Fast running is an excellent tool for weight loss. Not only do you torch the most calories when you sprint, but your body also burns more fat for a longer period of time afterward. Uphill sprinting gets your heart rate soaring, and it’s easier on your joints and muscles than sprinting on flat ground. Our eight- week running for weight loss features sprint interval workouts that call for repeated 3. These should be hard efforts, but not so hard that you find yourself slowing down before you complete the final interval.#3 Strength Training. While running melts away excess body fat, strength training burns additional calories and preserves muscle mass. This is important, because when you’re eating 3. However, if you supplement your running with a couple of full- body strength workouts each week, all of your weight loss will in fact be fat loss. Strength training may be performed at a gym or in your living room. Focus on bodyweight as well as weight- lifting exercises, such as lunges, squats, deadlifts, pushups, shoulder presses and planks. CLICK HERE FOR WOMEN’S RUNNING STRENGTH TRAINING WORKOUTS! Related Article: Recover and Repair With These Post- Workout Foods. 30 Day Weight Loss Meal Plans For. 30 Day Weight Loss Meal Plans For Women Best Weight Loss Food For Cats Will I Lose Weight If I Run 3 Miles A Day 30 Day. Walking 30-day quick start guide for beginner. Your New Treadmill Walking Plan for Weight Loss. How Long Do You Need to Walk Each Day for Weight Loss? Drop a dress size, or two, in time for christmas. 30-day safety: Long-term. Find a running Training Plan to lose weight. Run Walk Run for Weight Loss (Intermediate). Runkeeper on iPhone; Blog; Jobs. For some reason positive feedback on the running plans always makes my day! YOGA POINT - Yoga Articles. The lunchtime in the afternoon should be from 1. AM to 1 PM. That is the time of pitta, so appetizers are secreted in the stomach. The food consumed at this time is easily digested. If this time is not possible, then one should have food before the 1. AM, but not after 1 PM. What should the meal contain is an independent topic which we have already considered elsewhere. After lunch, one should not run around or carry on strenuous work. A Sanskrit verse by Sushrut states as under in this regard. One who sits idle after lunch, becomes lazy. One who sleeps turns obese. One who walks around hundred steps, becomes healthy and one who runs, the death runs towards him. That means his life span is rapidly reduced. Now a days, many people complain of indigestion. There are many reasons for that, but one main reason is this running around after lunch. In the evening, one should consume only liquids, not solid diet, because that lengthens the dinnertime. The dinner should be around sun set. Because it is good for health to have an interval of three hours between the dinner and retiring to bed. To sleep immediately after dinner is injurious to health. The dinner should be minimal i. It should not contain heavy preparations. The sleep at night is also thought provoking point. The place where one should sleep should be free of all insects. The bed should not be too soft or too hard. It should not bend in between. A bed with thick, narrow strips or wooden strips is better. One may take a pillow, but that also should not be very thin or thick. The pillow should have the same thickness as that of the distance between the head and the shoulders while sleeping on one side. This avoids the neck from getting stiff. Daily Yoga Routine For Weight Loss Detox Diet Hair Loss Dr Oz 14 Day Detox Diet Daily Yoga Routine For Weight Loss How Long Does It. Yoga Journal Food & Diet. Clean Eating > Cleanse Tips > Eat for Your Dosha > Eating Disorders > Healthy Eating Plans > Juicing > Poses to Speed up. The Maharishi Ayurveda Approach to Healthy Daily. Daily Proper diet and eating. Due to improper pillow, one can suffer from cold too. The bed sheet and the inner coverlet should be washed after every three to four days. Earlier one item of clothing known as uparane, which was, used daily was attached to a sheet while sleeping. The same was washed daily. While thinking about the behaviour at night, one should think about marital life too. The science writers have said that generally to retain health even at a later age, one should have sex once a week during the youth. Otherwise, the bad effects occur at a later stage. Types of activities Daily routines Chores. Lose weight with yoga. We are showing how you can incorporate simple yoga routines into your daily life in the comfort. The yogic diet is based largely on. The Importance of a Daily Yoga Practice July 26. A daily yoga practice empowers us with the spiritual confidence gained from. Exercise Less and Lose More. What’s more frustrating than working out hard and gaining weight? Many people end up larger and heavier because they exercise so intensely that they are ravenous after the workout and wind up binging. For years when I was battling with my weight, I followed so much outside guidance telling me how to to lose weight. I followed exercise plans in diet books, bought promising workout equipment from TV. It's such simple advice that if it worked, my colleagues and I would be out of job,' says Dr. David Ludwig, director of the New Balance Foundation Obesity Prevention Center at Boston Children The good news is that there are three proven techniques you can use to boost your results and lose weight faster. These tricks will decrease the amount of time you spend in the gym and push your body to lose weight immediately after your workout. Finish your entire workout in less than 4. That’s right. Remove the rest periods and work out with a sense of urgency. A study from the College of New Jersey found that people who exercise harder during the first half of their workouts and ease up a bit in the second half burn up to 2. After you warm up, bump up your workout intensity and give it your all. People who train this way lose three times as much fat as those who do steady, moderate cardio. Lift heavier weights for fewer reps. Boost your metabolism long after your workout by training with heavy weights. As researchers at the Norwegian University of Sport and Physical Education have learned, the heavier you lift, the greater the boost to your metabolic rate and the longer that boost will last. Pick up heavier weights and you’ll see fast results (this goes for women, too). Once you become physically fit, keep it up. The more active you are, the better your body is at burning fat. Eat clean protein before you exercise. If you need to eat before your workout, stay away from carb- heavy cereal and bread; these foods only cause your body to burn off your previous meal instead of stored fat. Instead, grab a clean protein shake (low- carb, low- fat and lactose free) or egg whites. If you follow this diet, your workouts will be legitimate fat- burning sessions. Think being pressed for time will hold back your weight loss? Think again, says a surprising study by researchers out of the University of Copenhagen. Participants in a 13 week trial who burned 300 calories per gym session lost 40% more weight than those who exercised for 60 minutes a day. Exercise Less and Lose More What? Many people end up larger and heavier because they exercise so intensely that they are ravenous after the workout and wind up binging. Exercise more, eat more? Don't let post-workout hunger sabotage your diet Below: x Jump to discuss comments below. OK, I know that to lose weight I need to burn more calories than I consume. However, since I started exercising last month, I often am My. Health Topics: Diet, Exercise & Morbid Obesity.
Starting Challenge to Overcome Morbid Obesity with Diet. Can Morbid Obesity Be Reversed Through Diet? Mediterranean Diet May Ease Chronic Pain of Obesity (03/10/2017, HealthDay) More News on Obesity; Diagnosis and Tests. Morbid obesity -- see more articles. Health Topics: Diet, Exercise & Morbid Obesity Nebraska Methodist Health System. Subscribe Subscribed Unsubscribe 341 341. Although the term morbid obesity is a technical one. The Best Exercise for Someone Morbidly Obese. Get the latest tips on diet, exercise and. Techtonics EPROM for Corrado SLC and Passat GLX 9. VWParts. com is an excellent source for quality replacement and high performance parts for all air- cooled and water- cooled Volkswagen automobiles. We offer parts for Air Cooled VW's like VW Beetle, VW Ghia, VW Thing, VW Bus, VW Transporter, VW Squareback, VW Notchback, VW Fastback, VW Type 4, VW Vanagon and parts for Water Cooled VW's like VW Cabrio & VW Cabriolet, VW Corrado, VW Dasher, VW Eos, VW Eurovan, VW Fox, VW Golf, VW Jetta, VW New Beetle, VW Passat, VW Phaeton, VW Quantum, VW Rabbit, VW Routan, VW R3. VW Scirocco, VW Tiguan, VW Touareg and more. We also work on VW's, are knowledgeable about parts and repairs and provide support for parts we sell. From time to time you need to change your Volkswagen Corrado transmission oil. At CARiD you can find the best proven lubricants to reduce the friction almost to the zero. Corrado Vr6 G60 Slc Digital Workshop Repair. Using Cast Iron Skillets Weight Loss & Diet Plans The Caliphs Splendor Islam And The West In The Golden Age. What's New on VW Corrado World Welcome all Corrado G60 SLC Owners to the home of Corrado World (formerly the NW Corrado Club) Corrado Information in a Nutshell. Clean Cult Coupe: 1992 Volkswagen Corrado SLC VR6 Sorry: - Instagram feed not found. New Report Confirms Car Buyers are Exceptionally Boring People. News / Volkswagen News boring Cars. 1994 Volkswagen Corrado SLC - Tim Stevens, editor in chief. Dodge's new SRT Demon teaser showcases 200-pound weight loss. Oil weight and oil change. I was have a huge loss of power so startedgoing through things. I have a 92 VW Corrado SLC 2.8l vr6 and I was doing an oil change. Vw Corrado Manual Download another post. And Slc - Title Ebooks : Volkswagen Corrado Official Factory. Ketogenic Desserts Weight Loss The Attention Economy Understanding The New Currency Of Business The New.MORE Weight Loss Team Name Ideas. Coming up with a name for your team can depend on who is participating in your weight loss competition. Maybe its your weight loss club? You can also keep a PDF copy of this page – just click this: Weight Loss Team Name ! Get your copy of: Weight Loss Challenge RULES. Clever Weight Loss Team Names. An estimated 4. 5% of individuals are able to lose weight on their own. Keeping the weight off can pose to be more difficult. Primary factors that contribute to long term weight loss success is participating in less than 1. If you are like the other 5. A collection of clever weight loss team names are compiled below from existing groups out there that challenge one another to meet their goal. Badunkadunk Busters. Born to Lose. But Wait! Pass the gravy. Wii Fat. You? Listen to the award winning podcast The Blog Millionaire. If you are on an i. Phone right now, then you can go here to subscribe and download the episodes straight to your phone. The following infographic takes a look at the average weight gain and solutions to weight loss. Some of the easiest weight diets to follow are weight watchers and jenny craig. The most popular type of diet is low- carb. More than half of individuals lose weight through a training program. 87 Funny Fitness Challenge Team Names. The following compilation of fitness challenge team names will help you to organize and coordinate your own weight loss team that works together and. Fantasy team names and worldwide sport team names. Get your own funny team name using the random team name generator. Weight Loss (9) Weird (4) Work (19) Wrestling (17). Funny Team Names; Good Team Names; Fantasy Sports. Good Weight Loss Team Names : Your #1 source for good weight loss team names and weight loss team names. This year's team names (some very funny, clever names). Email or Phone: Password: Forgot account? To see more from Long Beach Losers weight-loss challenge on Facebook, log in or create an account. Their total weight loss is more. Consult with a qualified healthcare provider before engaging in a dietbet. Losing weight can be. Fat loss challenge team names . Do Fast Diet Programs Work fat loss challenge team names, Healthy Today!
Grab your FREE copy of the Weight Loss Challenge RULES by entering your. 6 Ways to Burn More Fat. Yet like a supermodel draped in a heavy trench coat, the goods are hidden from sight by a layer of fat.How can i burn the layer of fat above my abs? You're talking about something called . Now, the last place you burn fat is the first place you store it - your belly. But doing ab exercises isn't gonna do the trick, it's just gonna build your ab muscles is all. Now, to burn fat, you have to do both aerobic and anaerobic exercises. Aerobic exercise is just stuff that gets your heart going like running, riding a bike, etc. And that's all there is to it!
How do I burn the thin layer of fat on my biceps to get toned muscles? How do you lose a thin layer of stomach fat? How do you get rid of the thin layer of fat abs? How can I burn the last layer of belly fat and get a six pack? I have been working out regularly for 5 years but can never get rid of the last layer of fat. So that's aerobic exercises. Eat lots of protein and fiber in EVERY meal. Lose the junk food, of course. Keep yourself hydrated all day. If you're losing weight, go on a calorie- deficit diet. Welp, that's my advice to you. Promote Health Through Diet and Exercise. The Obesity Problem. At the beginning of the 2. This has resulted in an increasing number of persons who are obese. This is a problem even amongst children. Half of persons in the U. S. This number increased by 5. There are a multitude of health complications from obesity. The formula is simple. Food eaten – Exercise = Weight Gained Another way of explaining the situation: Delicious, Calorie Dense Food + Sedentary Lifestyle = Obesity Most people live in a food toxic environment and are bombarded by cues to buy and eat food throughout the day. In addition, stress drives overeating. People who implicate insufficient exercise as a cause for obesity tend to consume more food and have a higher BMI than people who believe obesity is caused by a poor diet. In general, for a normal healthy adult to maintain body weight with just activities of daily living, caloric intake must be limited to 1. Thus, a 1. 50 lb (6. Exercise can increase caloric use, and exercise has a . Of course, growing children require more calories. Over time, reduce intake and increase activity. Eat one less: helping per meal, meal per week, snack per day, etc. 7 benefits of regular physical activity. You know exercise is good for you. The Mayo Clinic Diet Online. 7 Ways to Get Your Diet off to a Good Start. Exercise = Weight Gained. Another way of explaining the. A good aerobic exercise with cardiovascular benefit is to climb 10 flights of. Do one more: day with exercise, hour of exercise, repetition of activity, etc. Here's another concept, especially for kids: go outside. Why stare at pixels jumping around the screen of an electronic device when there are creative and rewarding activities to be accomplished with physical activity. Get a life. Just brisk walking for 2. A good aerobic exercise with cardiovascular benefit is to climb 1. Increase by one flight per week to achieve the goal. Young adults can generally eat more and not gain weight, but metabolism tends to slow in the mid- 3. One pound (0. 4. 5 kg) of fat has 3. An excess intake of only 0. The average weight gain in young adults averages 0. The body mass index (BMI, defined below) may be related to multiple genetic factors in 3. Single gene defects that produce a defined disease marked by obesity, such as the Prader- Willi syndrome, are extremely rare. Why You Can't Out-Exercise An Unhealthy Diet. You know that exercise does your body good. The Mayo Clinic Diet Online. Here are 11 ways to lose weight without doing a conventional. 11 Proven Ways to Lose Weight Without Diet or Exercise. It is an easy way to lose weight and. From healthy diet plans to helpful weight loss tools, here you'll find WebMD's latest diet news and information. Fitness & Exercise; Food & Recipes; Food. A hormone produced in adipocytes (fat cells) known as leptin has the function of informing the hypothalamus about the state of fat stores. Leptin inhibits food intake and increases energy expenditure via an interaction with specific leptin receptors located in the hypothalamus. Differences in leptin levels may explain differences in BMI. Situations during life in which weight gain is more likely to occur include: adolescence, pregnancy, mid- life in women, and following marriage in men. Persons who emigrate to a more urbanized culture tend to gain weight. Behavioral or environmental changes in life, such as smoking cessation, are associated with weight gain. This is how exercise can help lower blood. With Diabetes Complications See Your Doctor Blood Glucose Control and Exercise Injury. Make the commitment to slim down for good with this simple, sensible diet and exercise plan. Here's the second: a simple, sensible exercise and eating plan. Weight gained during holiday periods and festivals is more than at other times of the year and tends not to be lost. Among pairs of adult siblings, if one sibling becomes obese, the chance that the other becomes obese increases by 4. If one spouse becomes obese, the likelihood that the other spouse becomes obese increases by 3. This is part of preventivie medicine. The ten words of prevention: Go outside. Honor commitments. What are the Risks? Obesity is measured most accurately by calculating the body mass index, or BMI. The BMI is calculated as follows. Body Mass Index = weight in kg / height in meters. An ideal body mass index (BMI) is in the range of 2. In general, a BMI > 2. Using a definition of obesity as a BMI of 3. U. S. In a study of persons who were overweight at the age of 5. BMI of 2. 3. 5 to 2. The mortality risk among obese subjects was two to at least three times that of participants with a BMI of 2. A central distribution of fat, as is more typical of men, carries a higher risk for morbidity. A more peripheral distribution, as in hips and thighs in women, carries a lesser risk. The risk can be determined by measuring waist circumference and by calculating a waist- to- hip circumference ratio. In general, a waist: hip circumference ratio > 0. Obesity in childhood increases the risk for morbidity, regardless of whether obesity persists into adulthood. Risks for morbidity are increased as follows when the BMI is 2. Sex. Diabetes Mellitus. Hypertension. Coronary Artery Disease. Cholelithiasis. Women. Men. 82 - 3. 22 - 3. The relationhip between BMI and all- cause mortality has been shown in a large study involving nearly 1. White persons in the U. S. The table below gives the estimated hazard ratios for death from any cause for persons who never smoked, according to BMI category: (Berrington de Gonzalez et al, 2. Hazard Ratios - Deaths from Any Cause. This study shows that risk for death from cancer and from cardiovascular disease increases with BMI. Specific Health Risks with Obesity. There are some diseases that are seen with increased frequency in persons who are obese, including certain types of cancer, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, stroke, hypertension, cardiomyopathy, non- alcoholic steatohepatitis, osteoarthritis, reproductive problems, sleep apnea, and gallbladder disease. Cancer. The following cancers are seen with increased frequency in persons who are overweight: A third to half of cases of endometrial carcinoma occur in women with a BMI > 2. Breast cancer risk is increased with obesity mainly for women who are postmenopausal. Half of cases of breast carcinoma in postmenopausal women occur in association with a BMI of > 2. Risks for cancers of the lung, colon/rectum, and breast are diminished with healthy lifesytle/dietary patterns. The range of cancer types is broad, including esophagus, colon, rectum, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, kidney, non- Hodgkin lymphoma, and multiple myeloma in both men and women. In, prostate and stomach cancers are more frequent with increasing BMI, while in women breast, uterus, cervix, and ovarian cancers are more frequent. Of these, 9. 0 to 9. II (DM type II), the type associated with obesity. About 8. 0 to 9. 0% of persons with type II diabetes mellitus are obese. About two- thirds of persons with DM type II have a BMI of at least 2. DM type II have a BMI of at least 3. A major complication of diabetes mellitus results from the accelerated, advanced atherosclerosis. Metabolic Syndrome. The global epidemic of obesity and diabetes mellitus has led to a marked increase in the number of persons worldwide with metabolic syndrome. Both type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome share common features, and patients may be defined as having one or both. Metabolic syndrome, also known as syndrome X, or the insulin resistance syndrome, is defined as follows (Eckel et al, 2. Diabetes or impaired fasting glycaemia or impaired glucose tolerance or insulin resistance, plus 2 or more of the following. Obesity: BMI > 3. Dyslipidemia: triglycerides = or > 1. L or HDL cholesterol < 3. LHypertension: blood pressure > 1. Hg. Microalbuminuria: albumin excretion > 2. Patients with both type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome are at increased risk for cardiovascular complications from both arerial and arteriolar disease. They should be treated to keep the Hgb A1. C under 7% (Tuomilehto et al, 2. Therapeutic goals and recommendations include. Lose 1. 0% of body weight over the first year through lifestyle modifications with diet and exercise, thereafter continue weight loss or maintain weight. Institute a regular program of physical activity that includes 3. Reduce intake of saturated fats, trans fats, and cholesterol. Stop smoking. Coronary Artery Disease. Persons with diabetes mellitus are at increased risk for accelerated and advanced atherosclerosis that increases the risk for coronary artery disease that can lead to myocardial ischemia and myocardial infarction. However, even obese persons who do not have hyperglycemia can have an increased risk for coronary atherosclerosis. Obese persons have a > 5. L. In contrast, a study of middle- aged women revealed that those who did not smoke, were not overweight, maintained a healthy diet, and exercised at least moderately for a half hour each day had an incidence of coronary events 8. Adoption of major lifestyle changes including diet and exercise in middle aged adults can lead to lowering of LDL cholesterol levels by 3. Hypertension that is untreated can increase the risk for heart failure, kidney failure, and stroke. The rate of ischemic cerebrovascular disease is 7. BMI > 2. 7 and 1. BMI > 3. 2, compared to women with a BMI of 2. Though not included in this study, risks for men are increased as well. It is estimated that if adults from 4. U. S. In these patients, the heart is globally enlarged, similar to a dilated cardiomyopathy. If such persons lose weight, the heart diminishes in size. This obesity cardiomyopathy may be related to blood volume expansion or other factors. Dietary patterns play a role in the development of steatosis (fatty change) in the liver. Obesity increases the risk for alterations in hepatocyte function that lead to accumulation of lipid in hepatocytes and hepatomegaly. NAFL reduces the metabolic function of the liver. NAFL can proceed to non- alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), to liver failure, and even cirrhosis, with an increased risk for development of hepatocellular carcinoma. A BMI of 3. 0 or more markedly increases the risk for osteoarthritis of the knees. Interestingly, obese persons are less likely to have osteoporosis, but osteoarthritis more than makes up for this. Reproductive Problems. Women who are obese are more likely to have menstrual irregularities and ovulatory infertility, including the polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Women with PCOS typically have irregular bleeding, hirsutism, and/or infertility in association with chronic anovulation and androgen excess not attributable to another cause. PCOS is estimated to occur in 4% of women, but there is an increased prevalence with diabetes mellitus and obesity. Conversely, women with PCOS are more likely to have obesity and diabetes mellitus. |
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